Water properties in Chesapeake Bay from MODIS-Aqua measurements

a r t i c l e i n f o This study evaluates the performance of ocean color products derived from measurements of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the satellite Aqua using the standard near-infrared (NIR) and the shortwave infrared (SWIR)-based atmospheric correction algorithms in the Chesapeake Bay. The MODIS-Aqua-derived normalized water-leaving radiances, nL w (λ), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) data are compared with in situ ra-diometric measurements from the NASA SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) database and Chl-a data from the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Database. Results show that, using the NIR-SWIR combined ocean color data processing, improved nL w (λ) and Chl-a data products can be produced in the Chesapeake Bay. However, Chl-a data are still overestimated in some Chesapeake Bay regions, in particular, in the upper bay region where waters are strongly influenced by the total suspended sediment (TSS) concentration. Specifically, using the NIR-SWIR approach, mean ratios of MODIS-derived and in situ-measured nL w mean Chl-a values over the region from satellite-derived and in situ-measure data are 11.14 and 10.28 mg·m − 3 , respectively. Based on a strong correlation relationship between TSS and water diffuse attenuation coefficient, a regional TSS algorithm for the Chesapeake Bay has been developed and validated, with mean ratio of 1.064 between MODIS-derived and in situ-measured TSS data. Therefore, using the NIR-SWIR algorithm for MODIS-Aqua ocean color data processing, nL w (λ), Chl-a, and TSS data from 2002 to 2010 for the Chesapeake Bay have been generated and used for characterizing the water properties in the region, showing strong seasonal and inter-annual variability, as well as important spatial variations in the region. The Chesapeake Bay has highly productive waters along the U.S. East Coast region with about 2.3 × 10 3 m 3 ·s − 1 of river freshwaters on average flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including dissolved and particulate materials (Schubel & Pritchard, 1986). Bio-optical properties of the Chesapeake Bay waters are strongly influenced by complex constituents of high phytoplankton concentration, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and total suspended sediment (TSS) (Gallegos et al. Thus, satellite-derived chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations using bio-optical models for open ocean (Case-1) waters (O'Reilly et al., 1998) are often overestimated in the turbid coastal waters (Magnuson et al., 2004; Werdell et al., 2009). There have been considerable efforts in developing bio-optical models for Chl-a products from satellite ocean color sensors such as the Sea-Viewing …